Finance

Income tax is charged under the Indian Income Tax Act, 1961, It is an annual tax on income levied by the Central Government. Tax is charged in respect of the income of the financial year (known as previous year) in the next financial year (known as assessment year) at the rates fixed for such assessment year in the Finance Act passed each year by the Parliament.

1.2 Generally speaking, the word 'income' covers receipts in the shape of money or money's worth which arise with certain regularity or expected regularity from a definite source. It is not all receipt that form the basis of taxation under the Act. Broadly, an analogy is drawn of a tree and the fruits of that tree. The tree symbolises the source from which one gets fruits which symbolise 'income'. The receipt arising from the sale of tree itself is, therefore, considered a capital receipt which is not income; but the receipts flowing from this source viz., fruits is income. On application of this analogy, it can be said that while the receipt arising from the sale of a house is not income, the receipt arising from the realisation of rent is income. In the same way, receipt from the sale of a machine is not income but from the sale of produce brought out from the machine is income. In these cases, however, if a person deals in purchase and sale of house properties or machines, these assets do not remain a source and the profit derived from activities of purchase and sale become income. The source need not necessarily be tangible as the return for human exertion is also income.

1.2.1 The above is a broad generalisation. While a distinction is generally made between the capital receipt and revenue receipts, as illustrated above, the Act has widened the scope of income by expressly including within the meaning of 'income' the receipts which do not fall under the broad concept explained above. For instance, the Act specifically makes the profit arising from the sale of certain capital assets also subject to tax under certain circumstance. The winnings from lotteries, cross-word puzzles, races, card games etc. which do not arise from any definite source and do not have the element of regularity have also been specifically clarified to be 'income' under the Act.

1.2.2 It is not the gross receipts but only the net receipts arrived at after deducting the related expenses incurred in connection with earning such receipts that are made the basis of taxation.

1.2.3 The tax is charged in respect of the income of the previous year and the same is chargeable in the assessment year. "Previous year" means the financial year i.e. the period beginning on 1st April and ending on 31st March. The return of income for this period is due in the next financial year called the Assessment Year in which the proceedings for assessment commence either by filing of return voluntarily by the income earner or by the Income Tax Department initiating action for calling the return. The income earned in the period beginning on 1st April 1995 and ending on 31st March 1996 will, for instance, be assessable earliest in the next financial year i.e. the year 1996-97.

1.2.4     The Act categorises the income of a person under different heads and provides for the manner of computation of taxable income of each head. These heads of income are:-

A discussion on the scope of each head of income and the manner of computing the headwise income is made in Chapter IV.

1.2.5 All receipts having the character of income are taxable unless  they  are  specifically  exempted from taxation.  Such exempted income are enumerated and discussed in Chapter III.

1.2.6 The total of the income under each head as worked out in accordance with the provisions of the Act is termed as 'gross total income. The act provides for certain deduction from such gross total income. These deductions which are discussed in Chapter V, are not referable to any particular head of income, but are allowed from the aggregate of income under all the heads and are in the nature of incentive provisions of different kinds. For example, deductions are allowed for promotion of charitable activities, promoting exports and other activities resulting in the inflow of foreign exchange, for development of industries and for other socio-economic objectives. Incentives for promotion of savings are provided in the form of deduction in tax liability by grant of rebate at certain percentage on certain savings made out of taxable income.

1.2.7 After reducing the 'gross total income' by the amount of incentives deductions mentioned in the preceding paragraph. What is left is the amount on which tax is to be calculated at the rates prescribed by the relevant Finance Act. This amount is termed as Total income and is the base for taxation. For certain categories of tax payers, a basic exemption limit is provided and tax is calculated only on that part of the total income which is in excess of such exemption limit. If such 'Total income' is below the basic exemption limit, no tax is chargeable. For instance, under the Finance Act, 2000, no tax is payable by an individual if his total income is below Rs. 50,000/-. The rates of taxation and the exemption limit applicable to different categories of Assessees are given in Chapter XIII.

1.3   Clubbing of Income

The total income of an individual also includes certain income of other persons. These are:-